急求 企业激励管理方面的中英文对照文章3000词
众所周知，激励制度是现代企业制度的核心内容之一，是确立企业核心竞争力的基石，是企业管理中的精髓组成部分。激励一词，《辞海》解释为“激发使振作”，即激发人的动机，诱导人的行为，使其产生一种内在的动力，朝着所期望的目标努力的过程。顾名思义，所谓负激励就是对个体的违背组织目标的非期望行为进行惩罚，以使这种行为不再发生，使个体积极性朝正确的目标方向转移，具体表现为纪律处分、经济处罚、降级、降薪、淘汰等。在现代企业管理中企业家们非常重视正激励，而往往忽略了负激励的作用，因此，本文谈一谈负激励在企业管理中的运用。
2 负激励在企业管理中的作用
2.1 负激励是控制员工行为的一条隐性“止步线”
就像道德与法律的界线一样，逾越了道德的界线必然受到法律的惩处，负激励也是如此，企业一般都设有日常的行为准则、管理制度等，超出了这个准则、制度必然受到一定的制裁。当然，负激励的措施和手段大部分存在于企业的相应管理制度中。负激励作为一条“止步线”，也许作为一名企业员工很少注意到，实际上却起到控制员工行为不可或缺的作用，在日常的潜移默化中，员工自觉或不自觉地已经接受了这种负激励制度的约束，无形之中给企业的管理行为带来一种持续良性循环效应。比如，在制度中规定“上班迟到一次扣薪100元”，所有的员工都知道不能迟到，否则会被处罚，正常情况下，员工自然而然地养成了按时上班的习惯，管理者其实只应用了一条负激励的约束机制，就管住了整个企业的劳动纪律，可见，这条隐性“止步线”多么重要。
2.2 负激励可以起到以儆效尤的作用
以上谈到负激励制度通常是约束员工行为的界线，但并不意味着所有员工都会遵守约定的法则，正如，并不是有了法律所有的公民都会守法一样，总有些员工会犯这样那样的错误，不然，这些法律制度和企业负激励制度就没有存在的必要，也就意味着，当一些员工逾越这些约束时产生的后果将得到相应的处罚，而这种处罚的性质是强制性的、威胁性的、起震慑作用的，往往可以起到杀一儆百的作用，真正使员工在心理上接受对企业管理行为的敬意，从而提高对自我行为的管理。例如，假设在一个企业中本月有3人次上班迟到，企业当月对此3人各扣薪100元，并予公告，就会使员工意识到，这种负激励的手段不是摆设，而是很好地维护了企业的劳动纪律。
2.3 负激励对员工心理的影响经常大于正激励
所谓正激励就是对个体的符合组织目标的期望行为进行奖励，以使这种行为更多地出现，提高个体的积极性，主要表现为对员工的奖励和表扬等。但是，正激励对员工的心理影响在逐步淡化，特别是对于高薪白领阶层，有调查表明，在中国月薪高于5 000元的阶层，对于奖励额度在10%以下的激励，绝大多数人员表示“没感觉”，原因是相对于其较高的薪酬总额来说，这一点奖励是微不足道的，也难怪他们无所谓，并且经常性的表扬也会落入习以为常“惰性”的圈套。而负激励的心理影响却是巨大的，并且具有双重性，从物质的角度看，本来正常情况下就能得到的没拿到还被处罚，损失是双倍的，更重要的是精神上受打击，心理波动可想而知，企业正是通过负激励的方式从心理上的影响达到影响其行为的目的。如上例，一个白领迟到被扣薪100元并公告，此白领很担心员工对他的认识改变，对他的心理影响不是能以金钱来衡量的。
2.4 负激励的正效应
简单地从字面上理解，人们往往会想到负激励起到的是负效应，恰恰相反，我们在企业管理过程中就是要通过负激励起到正效应。上述谈到的“止步线”也好、以儆效尤也好，所有的负激励措施或手段都是为规范员工行为、为企业管理行为服务的。日前，一份研究报告认为，当前人事管理工作中的“职务能上不能下、工资能增不能减，年度考核只有优秀、称职，没有或极少数不称职”等诸多现象的产生，源于没有负激励制度，最终导致整个集体缺乏激情与活力，创造性和积极性不高。从上述案例分析，可能一次处罚对当事人来说是负面的、消极的一面，但是应该看到，如果没有这些负激励的措施，对员工的错误行为放任自流，可想而知一个企业的命运将会如何，其实这只是对少数人的处罚，效果是使大多数人遵守企业的“游戏规则”，正面效应远远大于负面效应；对于当事人来说，负面影响也只是一时的，只有他认识到错误并加以改正，最终的结果才是正面的。
2.5 负激励的执行不能产生偏差
在宪法中规定“法律面前人人平等”，负激励也是如此，在企业管理行为中要做到“负激励面前人人平等”，它的执行比正激励要更为准确和适当，难度也较大。负激励在执行时往往不同于正激励，正激励通常偏向于“锦上添花”，多一点少一点，员工不太会计较；而负激励则不同，一旦产生偏差，员工就会斤斤计较，会导致企业管理者的权威受损，甚至导致企业管理制度形同虚设。例如，一个员工迟到，决不能因为员工说他在途中塞车，没有主观错误而放弃对其处罚，否则下次因“塞车”迟到的人会越来越多，因为管理者根本不可能去落实是否真的塞车，管理者还可以这样理解：既然知道上班高峰期有可能塞车，那为什么不能提早一点出发呢？更不能因人而异，如某领导的太太或亲戚迟到而放弃对其处罚，那么，所有制度将会流于形式，企业管理必然陷入混乱的状态。
2.6 在负激励面前管理者要以身作则
作为企业的领导阶层，管理者要舍得“亏”自己，要陪同员工接受应负担的责任，让员工心服口服。在电力行业中，日常管理中多年采用《月度经济责任制考核办法》和《违章记分管理办法》是两个行之有效的管理办法，这两个办法对员工的行为做了详细界定，绝大多数是负激励的措施，少数为正激励措施，其中很好的一部分是下一级员工受到处罚，上级管理者要受到一定比例的连带处罚，理论依据是既然下级员工犯错上一级至少要负管理责任，这种负激励的连带处罚措施执行时更具操作性，上级可以理直气壮。还有一个下属企业，建立“三德银行”管理办法，即职业道德、社会公德和家庭美德，管理的范畴从八小时以内延伸到八小时以外，给每一位员算“三德”的本金，受到的处罚作为“三德”的贷款利息，奖励作为存款利息，而对领导层的连带责任更严厉，“三德”的积分是全公司员工的平均值，该制度受到员工的极大认同。
As everyone knows, the incentive system is a modern enterprise system, one of the core content, is to establish the enterprise's core competitiveness the cornerstone of enterprise management is an integral part of the essence. Inspired the term "Ci Hai" as "so excited heart", that is to stimulate people's motives, the acts of people induced to produce a built-in momentum towards the desired goal of the process. As the name suggests, the so-called negative incentives is a breach of individual organizational goals to punish non-expected behavior, so that it does not recur, so that individual initiative the goal of moving in the right direction of transfer, disciplinary action for specific performance, economic sanctions, reduction in rank, descending pay-out and so on. In the modern enterprise management attaches great importance to the entrepreneurs are inspired, and often neglected the role of negative incentives, therefore, this article talk about the negative incentives in the enterprise management application.
2 negative incentives in the role of corporate governance
2.1 negative incentive to control employee behavior is a hidden "stop line"
Just as the boundaries of morality and the law as beyond the boundaries of ethics is bound to be punished by law, a negative incentive is the case, has day-to-day business of the general code of conduct, management systems and so on, beyond the guidelines, the system will be subject to certain sanctions . Of course, the negative incentive measures and means to exist in most of the corresponding enterprise management system. Negative incentives as a "stop line", perhaps as a few employees noted that the staff actually control behavior played an indispensable role in the nurture of day-to-day, the staff, consciously or unconsciously, have accepted this kinds of negative incentive regulation, the invisible to the management of behavior of a virtuous cycle of sustained effect. For example, in the system provides that "a deduction for being late to work 100", all the staff all know can not be late, or else they would be punished, under normal circumstances, employees naturally developed a habit to go to work on time, managers applied only bound by a negative incentive mechanism to manage the entire enterprise of labor discipline, we can see, the hidden "stop line" how important.
2.2 negative incentives can play the role of a warning to others
On more than a negative incentive systems are often bound by the boundaries of employee behavior, but this does not mean that all employees will comply with the agreed rules, as not all have the law will be law-abiding citizens, the total staff will be guilty of some kinds of errors Otherwise, the legal system and the enterprise system of negative incentives no longer necessary, which means, when the number of employees bound to overcome these consequences will be punished accordingly, and the nature of this punishment is mandatory and the threat of nature, the deterrent effect, often played the role of set an example and really make it impossible for workers to accept the psychological behavior of enterprise management respect, thereby enhancing self-management behavior. For example, suppose a company in the month, a 3 million to go to work late, this month 3 business deduction 100 yuan each, and to notice, it will make employees aware that such a negative incentive is not a means of display, but very good to maintain labor discipline of enterprises.
2.3 negative psychological motivation of employees is greater than the impact of recurrent excitation
Is the so-called incentives are in line with the organizational goals of individual acts of reward expectations in order to make more of such acts appeared to raise the enthusiasm of individuals, mainly for employees, such as reward and recognition. However, employees are inspired to gradually dilute the psychological impact, especially for high-paying white-collar class, a survey showed that in China, a monthly salary of 5,000 yuan higher than the class, for the reward in 10% of the amount of incentives, the overwhelming majority of staff "No feel" because of higher relative to their total remuneration for this award is insignificant, it is hardly surprising that they do not care, and often will fall into the hands of recognition used to "inertia" of the trap. And the psychological impact of negative incentive is huge and has a dual nature, from the physical point of view, under normal circumstances would have been able to get was not punishment, is a double loss and, more importantly, the spirit by combat, psychological fluctuations can be imagined, business incentives is the way through the negative psychological impact from the impact of their actions to achieve the purpose. As in the previous case, a late white-collar workers was 100 yuan and deduction notice is very worried about this white-collar employees to change his awareness of his psychological impact was not able to be measured by money.
2.4 The positive effect of negative incentives
Simply understood literally, it is often thought to play a negative incentive effect is negative, on the contrary, we in the enterprise management process is to play a positive effect of negative incentives. The above mentioned "stop line" or a warning to others, or all of the negative incentives or means to regulate employee behavior are, in order to conduct business management services. A few days ago, a research report that the current personnel management "can not post, the salary can be increased can not be reduced, the annual assessment is only good, competent, there is no or a very small number of incompetent," and many other phenomena have stemmed from not negative incentive system, which eventually led to a lack of passion and the entire collective vitality, creativity and enthusiasm is not high. Cases from the above analysis, the parties may be a punishment is negative, the negative side, but should be noted that if there are no such negative incentive measures, the wrongful act of a laissez-faire attitude of staff, we can imagine the fate of an enterprise will be How would, in fact, this is only a small number of people on the punishment, the effect is to enable enterprises to comply with the majority of "rules of the game", the positive effect is much larger than the negative effect; for the parties, the negative impact is only temporary, and only he recognized that errors and corrections, the final result is positive.
2.5 The implementation of incentives can not be a negative bias
In the Constitution provides that "everyone is equal before the law," The same is true of negative incentives in the conduct of corporate management to achieve "equality before the negative incentives", which is the implementation of the incentive to be more accurate and appropriate degree of difficulty than Great. Negative incentives in the implementation is often different from the incentives, incentives are often biased in favor of the "icing on the cake," a little more less, less staff than accounting; and negative incentives are different, once the bias, employees will be over, will lead to enterprise management the authority of those who suffer, and even lead to ineffective corporate governance system. For example, an employee for being late, because employees can not be said that he was on his way traffic, there is no subjective error and give up their punishment, or the next because of "traffic" will be late, more and more managers because it is impossible to implement really traffic, managers can also be understood: As it is known that the peak period of work may be traffic congestion, why can not this early point of departure? Should not vary from person to person, such as a wife or relatives leadership to give up their punishment for being late, then all the systems will be a mere formality, corporate governance, sink into a chaotic state.
2.6 In the face of negative incentives to managers to lead by example
Leadership as a business, managers should be willing to "loss" itself, it is necessary to accompany staff to accept the burden of responsibility should be to enable the staff will not be convincing. In the power industry for many years of day-to-day management of the "monthly economic assessment methods accountability" and "Points management regulations" are two well-established management practices, these two approaches to the conduct of employees as defined in detail, the vast majority the majority of negative incentive measures, a small number of positive incentives, which is a good part of punishment for the next level of employees, higher level managers to be a certain percentage of the associated penalties, since the theory is wrong on the lower level employees at least bear management responsibility, the penalties associated with negative incentive measures to implement greater interoperability, the higher level can say. There is also a subordinate enterprises, the establishment of the "three German banks" management approach, that is, professional ethics, social ethics and family virtues, and management areas within the eight-hour extension from the outside to eight hours to count each and every member of the "three ethics" of the gold, as a punishment "Three Morals" of loan interest, deposit interest rates as a reward, but the leadership of more severe joint and several liability, "Three Morals" of points is the average of employees, by employees of the system greatly recognition.
