怎么学外语语法
建议你先掌握英语的基本语法,在网上有很多的教程可以看看。但很重要的一点是,你一定要多背单词,增加单词量。另外一点是要多听土生土长的美国人或英国人的发音。你可以从网上订阅英文杂志,或看英文网络电视,电影等。如果你认识外国人的话,还可以经常和他们学着交流。
刚开始的时候可能会什么都听不懂,感觉过了很长时间什么也没学到。但等你把英语学好以后,你会发现,其实,在这段时间里你学了很多东西。很多人都是这样过来的。
总而言之,刚开始,肯定会遇到很多不懂不明白的地方,但只要你不放弃,相信一定会有回报的。
英语语法学习
首先要知道英语中有哪些成分。(大体上跟汉语差不多)
1.主语
主语是动作执行者,是“谁”或“什么”,统领全句。充当主语的词可以是名词,数词,代词,因而主语属名词性成分。英语句子中不能缺主语。如
I am a student. 句中I是主语。
He can play football. 句中He是主语。
Playing sports is good to our health. 句中playing sports这件事做主语。
2.谓语
谓语是动作本身,用于说明主语干什么,是什么,或怎么样。充当谓语的词可以是动词,以及谓语动词的各种变形,因此谓语是动词性成分。英语句子中不能缺少谓语。如
I love you. 句中love是谓语。
His leaving hurted me. 句中hurted是谓语。
3.宾语
宾语是动作的承受者,或谓语解释说明的内容。充当宾语的词可以是名词,数词,代词,因此宾语和主语一样,同属名词性成分。英语句子中可以没有宾语。如
He plays well. (无宾语)
He plays football well. 句中football是宾语。
God created heavens and the earth. 句中heavens and the earth是宾语。
4.表语
当谓语动词为系动词时,宾语改称表语。很多人分不清宾语和表语。个人看来,二者的语法地位本质上没有区别。充当表语的词可以是名词,数词,代词,形容词。表语也是名词性成分。如果系动词做谓语,则句子不可无表语。如
I am a student.
He is generous.
The news sounds serious.
The dress looks nice.
The paper feels coarse.
He became successful.
The food goes bad.
The bird keeps singing.
以上三句中,谓语动词均为系动词,那么系动词后的a student,generous,serious nice, coarse等均为表语。不难看出,系动词即为be动词;表示感官动词sound(听起来),look(看起来),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),feel(感觉起来),touch(摸起来);还有变化动词go/become(变得,变成),keep/remain(保持,一直)。
5.定语
定语是修饰限定名词性成分的成分。做定语的词可以是形容词,分词,因此定语属形容词性成分。因为定语本身就只起一个添砖加瓦的作用,所以定语可有可无。
She is a beautiful girl. 句中形容词beautiful做定语,修饰宾语girl。
This kind of product has a broad market. 句中形容词broad做定语,修饰宾语market。
The man sitting there is my brother. 句中分词sitting做定语,修饰主语The man。
That building completed recently is the highest one in the city. 句中分词completed做定语,修饰主语That building。
6.状语
状语是修饰限定动词性成分和形容词性成分的成分,也可修饰全句。做状语的词可以是副词,或是介宾结构,因此状语属副词性成分。状语也只起一个添砖加瓦的作用,同样可有可无。
The man sitting there is my brother. 句中副词there修饰分词sitting,做状语。
That building completed recently is the highest one in the city. 句中副词recently修饰分词completed,做状语。
He wisely refused their invitation. 句中副词wisely修饰动词refused,做状语。
It is pretty hot. 句中副词pretty修饰形容词hot,做状语。
In 1990, Tom was born in a small town. 句中介宾结构in 1990做状语修饰全句,介宾结构in a small town做状语修饰动词was born。
Obviously, we are wrong. 句中副词Obviously做状语修饰全句。
7.补语
补语用于补充说明谓语的结果、程度、趋向、可能、状态、数量等的成分。补语并非一个独立的显性的成分,因而往往隐藏于句中,连带在其他成分中,不好辨认。个人认为,判断补语,与其理性地“分析”,不如感性地“感知”。见多则识广,下面是一些常见的带补语的结构,方括号内的部分即为补语。
1.系表结构后常带补语
I see him 【dancing】.
Tom heared Lucy 【talking to that woman】.
2.认知动词think(认为),find(发现),feel(感觉),believe(相信)加宾语,后面常接补语。
We believe him 【to be innocent】.
I find the questions 【difficult to answer】.
They feel the work impossible 【to finish on time】.
3.使役动词make,have,get(均表示“使,让”)加宾语,后面常接补语。
The boss made her 【work till late night】.
My assistant will have this 【done】.
I'll get the paper 【printed】.
8. 插入语
插入语不是一个完整的成分,它仅仅是插入进必要的地方,做补充说明。插入语用两个逗号与句子主干隔开,十分好辨认。它即不影响句意,也不影响句子结构。插入语千变万化,且易察易辩,完全没有必要专门归类。
Cindy, the best student of our class, is admiited to Beijing University. 插入语the best student of our class用逗号与句子隔开,补充说明主语Cindy。去掉该插入语后,Cindy is admiited to Beijing University.仍是一个表意准确,结构完整的句子。
再如
The product, made in China, has been exported to American. 插入语made in China用逗号与句子隔开,补充说明主语The product。
I have told you, before the exam, that you should work hard. 插入语before the exam用逗号与句子隔开,补充说明谓语have told。
9. 同位语
同位语是插入语的一种,故也不是一个完整的成分。同位语专门插于名词之后补充说明该名词。同位语,顾名思义,地位相同,位置并列,因而可以与其补充说明的名词相互置换。同位语既然与名词“同位”,当然属名词性。
举相同的例子:Cindy, the best student of our class, is admiited to Beijing University. 插入语the best student of our class既是Cindy的同位语。我们将the best student of our class和Cindy互换:The best student of our class, Cindy,is admiited to Beijing University.不影响句意与表达。 但是,英语习惯短前长后,也就是说一般短的词在前面做正当成分,长的词组在后面做同位语进行补充说明。因而Cindy, the best student of our class, is admiited to Beijing University. 一句更为标准地道。
以上解释了各类词充当句子成分的例子。而当这些词换成句子来充当某种成分时,我们就称之为从句。为一目了然,下面举的例句中方括号内即为从句。
1.名词性从句
名词性从句充当名词性成分(什么是名词性成分上面已经悉数罗列了)。总共有四种:主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句。
名词性从句的引导词在从句中不做任何成分,仅仅起到连接引导作用。除that外的引导词要附加一定意思。
主从: [That he is found out guilty] made me depressed. 引导词that仅起引导作用,告诉大家主语从句来咯,不做成分,不附意思。
[Whether it is right or wrong] is still to be proved. 引导词whether仅起引导作用,并附加一层“是否”的意思,不做成分。
宾从: I don't know [how it is operated]. 引导词how仅起引导作用,并附加一层“怎么”的意思,不做成分。
I told you [that she is evil by nature.] 引导词that仅起引导作用,不做成分,不附意思。
表从: His suggestion is [that we should stay calm]. 引导词that仅起引导作用,不做成分,不附意思。
The question is [when he can arrive at the hotel]. 引导词when仅起引导作用,不做成分,并附一层“何时”的意思。
同位从:I heard the news [that our team had won]. 引导词that仅起引导作用,不做成分,不附意思。
2.形容词性从句——定语从句
定语从句用于修饰限定,其引导词不仅要起基本的引导作用,还要“代职”先行词,并在从句中充当某种成分。因而当我们把先行词带入从句时,应该恰好镶嵌成一个完整句子。(估计看得有点晕了。。)请看以下详解~~
I know the man [who is drinking coffee]. 引导词who代替先行词the man在从句中做is drinking coffee的主语。当我们将the man带入从句,则会构成the man is drinking coffee. 成分不多不少,句子结构完整,各就其位,所以我称之为“镶嵌”。
The book [which my brother gave to me] is quite expensive. 引导词which代替先行词the book在从句中做宾语。当我们将the book带入从句,则会构成my brother gave the book to me. 也是一个完整的句子。
引导词whose = 先行词's
引导词when/where = 介词+先行词
如 I brought a hat [whose colour is blue]. 引导词whose代替a hat’s,在从句中做定语。我们将a hat’s带入从句可构成a hat's colour is blue. 也是一个完整句子。
I miss the days [when I lived in the small town]. 引导词when代替in the days,在从句中做状语。我们将in the days带入从句可构成I lived in the small town in the days. 也是一个完整句子。
as做定从引导词时,与which大同小异。“小异”之处就在于as有几个常用搭配,经常考到。
such...as 先行词有such修饰时,引导词一定要用as
same...as 先行词有same修饰时,引导词一定要用as
as is known to all 在出现“总所周知”,“人尽皆知”这样的短语时,若此短语出现句首一定用as,若出现在句中或句末as/which皆可
总之以上三种结构出现题中时务必警觉,当心中陷阱。
3.副词性从句——状语从句
状语从句,说穿了,就是用连词将两个独立的句子连接起来,使之有逻辑地串联。所以个人认为状从是最简单的。这里所谓的连词既为状语从句引导词,在从句中不做成分,却表达很强烈的意思。
I didn't go with him, [because I had changed my mind]. 引导词because,表示“因为”,连接了前后两个独立句子I didn't go with him和I had changed my mind。本来是两个毫不相干的句子,经because一连接,就变得有逻辑可循了。这就是传说中的状语从句。再如
She kept working hard, [though she was ill]. 引导词though,表示“既然”,连接前后两个不相干的句子,使之有逻辑可循。
I was doing my homework, when Tom called me]. 引导词when,表示“当...时”,连接前后两个不相干的句子,使之有逻辑可循。
所以,三大系从句之间的区别还是很大的,也是很好辨别的,这样解释能理解了吧~~